Seminars in Orthodontics
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 212-219 , December 2007

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Responses Associated with Mechanical Tooth Movement

  • Donald B. Giddon

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Professor of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, and Clinical Professor of Psychology in Orthodontics, University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Donald B. Giddon, DMD, PhD, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 190 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: 617-432-3856
  • ,
  • Nina K. Anderson

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Instructor of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
  • ,
  • Leslie A. Will

      Affiliations

    • Professor and Graduate Orthodontic Director, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.

References 

  1. Bergius M, Berggren U, Kiliaridis S. Experience of pain during an orthodontic procedure. Eur J Oral Sci. 2002;110:92–98
  2. Kiliaridis S, Bergius M. Pain and discomfort in orthodontics. In:  Graber TM,  Eliades T,  Athanasiou AE editor. Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts’ Guide to Malpractice. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2004;p. 131–144
  3. Sergl HG, Klages U, Zentner A. Functional and social discomfort during orthodontic treatment—effects on compliance and prediction of patients’ adaptation by personality variables. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:307–315
  4. Newton JT, Buck DJ. Anxiety and pain measures in dentistry: a guide to their quality and application. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131:1449–1457
  5. Kvam E, Gjerdet NR, Bondevik O. Traumatic ulcers and pain during orthodontic treatment. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1987;15:104–107
  6. Patel V. Non-completion of orthodontic treatment: a study of patient and parental factors contributing to discontinuation in the hospital service and specialist practice. Heath Park: University of Wales; 1989;
  7. Todd JT, Lader D. Adult dental health 1988. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1991;
  8. MacGregor FC. Some dilemmas of cosmetic surgery, in Transformation and Identity: The Face and Plastic Surgery. In: New York: The New York Times Book Company; 1974;p. 159–179
  9. Hepburn S, Cunningham S. Body dysmorphic disorder in adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:569–574
  10. Kiyak HA, McNeill RW, West RA. The emotional impact of orthognathic surgery and conventional orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:224–234
  11. Giddon DB. Psychophysiological factors in sensation, perception and tolerance of pain in the teeth and periodontal tissues. In:  Chasens AI,  Kaslick RS editor. Mechanisms of Pain and Sensitivity in the Teeth and Surrounding Tissues. Hackensack, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University; 1974;p. 6–11
  12. Sander C, Sander FM, Sander FG. The behaviour of the periodontal ligament is influencing the use of new treatment tools. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33:706–711
  13. Fukuda M, Tazaki M. Distribution of organized sensory nerve endings in the human periodontal ligament. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1994;35:133–137
  14. Scheurer PA, Firestone AR, Burgin WB. Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18:349–357
  15. Giddon D, Anderson N. The oral and craniofacial area and interpersonal attraction. In:  Mostofsky D,  Forgione A,  Giddon D editor. Behavioral Dentistry. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006;p. 3–17
  16. Needleman HL, Hoang CD, Allred E, Hertzberg J, Berde C. Reports of pain by children undergoing rapid palatal expansion. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22:221–226
  17. Deguchi T, Uematsu S, Kawahara Y, Mimura H. Clinical evaluation of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) in patients treated with chin cup. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:91–94
  18. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M. The effect of continuous bite jumping with the Herbst appliance on the masticatory system: a functional analysis of treated class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod. 1982;4:37–44
  19. Saunders RM, Cameron J. Psychogenic gagging: identification and treatment recommendations. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1997;18:430–433436, 438, passim
  20. Bassi GS, Humphris GM, Longman LP. The etiology and management of gagging: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91:459–467
  21. Jacobsen N, Hensten-Pettersen A. Changes in occupational health problems and adverse patient reactions in orthodontics from 1987 to 2000. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:591–598
  22. Fernandes LM, Ogaard B, Skoglund L. Pain and discomfort experienced after placement of a conventional or a superelastic NiTi aligning archwire (A randomized clinical trial). J Orofac Orthop. 1998;59:331–339
  23. Moulton R. Oral and dental manifestations of anxiety. Psychiatry. 1955;18:261–273
  24. Giddon DB. Mental-dental interface: window to the psyche and soma. Perspect Biol Med. 1999;43:84–97
  25. Litt MD. A model of pain and anxiety associated with acute stressors: distress in dental procedures. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:459–476
  26. Zborowski M. People in Pain. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1969;
  27. Tursky B, Sternbach RA. Further physiological correlates of ethnic differences in responses to shock. Psychophysiology. 1967;4:67–74
  28. Lasch KE. Culture and pain. Pain: Clinical Updates X, International Association for the Study of Pain. 2002;Seattle WA
  29. Riley JL, Wade JB, Myers CD, Sheffield D, Papas RK, Price DD. Racial/ethnic differences in the experience of chronic pain. Pain. 2002;100:291–298
  30. Watson PJ, Latif RK, Rowbotham DJ. Ethnic differences in thermal pain responses: a comparison of South Asian and White British healthy males. Pain. 2005;118:194–200
  31. Berkley KJ. Sex differences in pain. Behav Brain Sci. 1997;20:371–380discussion 435-513
  32. Berkley KJ, Zalcman SS, Simon VR. Sex and gender differences in pain and inflammation: a rapidly maturing field. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291:R241–R244
  33. Al-Omiri MK, Abu Alhaija ES. Factors affecting patient satisfaction after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:422–431
  34. Dash JK, Sahoo PK, Baliarsing RR, Dash SN. A study of behaviour patterns of normal children in a dental situation and its relationship with socioeconomic status, family type and sibling position. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2002;20:23–29
  35. Rotter JB. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs. 1966;80:1–28
  36. Sergl HG, Klages U, Zentner A. Pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatment: causative factors and effects on compliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:684–691
  37. Rokke PD, al Absi M, Lall R, Oswald K. When does a choice of coping strategies help? (The interaction of choice and locus of control). J Behav Med. 1991;14:491–504
  38. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84:191–215
  39. Rokke PD, Fleming-Ficek S, Siemens NM, Hegstad HJ. Self-efficacy and choice of coping strategies for tolerating acute pain. J Behav Med. 2004;27:343–360
  40. Chess S, Thomas A. Temperament: Theory and Practice. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1996;
  41. In:  Thomas A,  Chess S editor. Temperament and Development. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1977;
  42. Symonds LL, Gordon NS, Bixby JC, Mande MM. Right-lateralized pain processing in the human cortex: an fMRI study. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3823–3830
  43. Miyamoto JJ, Honda M, Saito DN, et al. The representation of the human oral area in the somatosensory cortex: a functional MRI study. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16:669–675
  44. Ziolkowski T. The telltale teeth: psychodontia to sociodontia. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 1976;91:9–22
  45. Morris DB. The Culture of Pain. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1991;
  46. Dyl J, Kittler J, Phillips KA, Hunt JI. Body dysmorphic disorder and other clinically significant body image concerns in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2006;36:369–382
  47. Park YS, Evans CA, Viana G, Anderson NK, Giddon DB. Profile preferences of Korean American orthodontic patients and orthodontists. World J Orthod. 2006;7:286–292
  48. Kitay D, BeGole EA, Evans CA, Giddon DB. Computer animated comparison of self perception with actual profiles of orthodontic and nonorthodontic subjects. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1999;14:125–134
  49. Baldwin DC. Appearance and aesthetics in oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980;9:244–256
  50. Capra NF. Mechanisms of oral sensation. Dysphagia. 1995;10:235–247
  51. Melzack R. Neurophysiological foundations of pain. In:  Sternbach RA editors. The Psychology of Pain. New York: Raven Press; 1986;
  52. Watkins LR, Maier SF. Glia and pain: past, present and future. In:  Merskey H,  Loeser JD,  Dubner R editor. The Paths of Pain 1975-2005. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005;p. 165–175
  53. Pollak Y, Yirmiya R. Cytokine-induced changes in mood and behaviour: implications for “depression due to a general medical condition,” immunotherapy and antidepressive treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5:389–399
  54. Barsky AJ. Clinical practice (The patient with hypochondriasis). N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1395–1399
  55. Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:86–92
  56. Neeley WW, Kluemper GT, Hays LR. Psychiatry in orthodontics (Part 1: typical adolescent psychiatric disorders and their relevance to orthodontic practice). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:176–184
  57. American Psychiatric Association. Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV. Washington, DC: APA; 1994;
  58. Little JL. Eating disorders: dental implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93:138–143
  59. Ayer WA. Fear and Anxiety in Dentistry (Psychology and Dentistry). In: Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press; 2005;p. 23–36
  60. Unthank M, True G. Interior design for dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:1586–1590
  61. Otasevic M, Naini FB, Gill DS, Lee RT. Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of a masticatory bite wafer and avoidance of hard food on pain associated with initial orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(6):e9–e15
  62. Bartlett BW, Firestone AR, Vig KW, Beck FM, Marucha PT. The influence of a structured telephone call on orthodontic pain and anxiety. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:435–441
  63. Egbert LD, Battit G, Turndorf H, Beecher HK. The value of the preoperative visit by an anesthetist (A study of doctor-patient rapport). J Am Med Assoc. 1963;185:553–555
  64. Egbert LD, Battit GE, Welch CE, Bartlett MK. Reduction of postoperative pain by encouragement and instruction of patients (A study of doctor-patient rapport). N Engl J Med. 1964;270:825–827
  65. Sinha PK, Nanda RS, McNeil DW. Perceived orthodontist behaviors that predict patient satisfaction, orthodontist-patient relationship, and patient adherence in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:370–377
  66. Simmons KE, Brandt M. Control of orthodontic pain. J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1992;71:8–10
  67. Young AN. An evaluation of preemptive valdecoxib therapy on discomfort caused by initial archwire placement in adult orthodontic patients. Tex Dent J. 2005;122:673
  68. Arias OR, Marquez-Orozco MC. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen: their effects on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:364–370
  69. Roth PM, Thrash WJ. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for controlling pain associated with orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1986;90:132–138
  70. Harazaki M, Isshiki Y. Soft laser irradiation effects on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1997;38:291–295
  71. Nicozisis JL, Nah-Cederquist HD, Tuncay OC. Relaxin affects the dentofacial sutural tissues. Clin Orthod Res. 2000;3:192–201

PII: S1073-8746(07)00042-4

doi: 10.1053/j.sodo.2007.08.003

Seminars in Orthodontics
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 212-219 , December 2007