Seminars in Orthodontics
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 127-137 , June 2006

Functional Deficits in Orthognathic Surgery Patients

  • Gaylord S. Throckmorton

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Gaylord S. Throckmorton, PhD, Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390.

References 

  1. Wictorin L , Hillerstöm K , Sörensen S . Biological and psycho-social factors in patients with malformation of the jaws . Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg . 1969;3:138–143
  2. Ostler S, Kiyak HA: Treatment expectations versus outcomes among orthognathic surgery patients. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 6:247-252
  3. Yurkstas A , Manly RS . Value of different test foods in estimating masticatory ability . J Appl Physiol . 1950;3:45–53
  4. Manly RS , Shiere FR . The effect of dental deficiency on mastication and food preference . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol . 1950;3:674–685
  5. Nagai H , Shibata H , Haga H , Ueno M , Suyama Y , Yasumura S , et al.   The relationship of chewing ability to nutrient and food intakes in the community elderly . Jpn J Pub Health . 1991;38:853–858
  6. Horio T , Kawamura Y . Effects of texture of food on chewing patterns in the human subject . J Oral Rehabil . 1989;16:177–183
  7. Farrell JH . The effect of mastication on the digestion of food . Brit Dent J . 1956;100:149–155
  8. Olleros A . Gastritis in the toothless . Rev Gastroenterol . 1947;14:180–191
  9. Mercier P , Poitras P . Gastrointestinal symptoms and masticatory dysfunction . J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1992;7:61–65
  10. Åstrand P . Chewing efficiency before and after surgical correction of developmental deformities of the jaws . Swed Dent J . 1974;67:135–146
  11. Helkimo E , Carlson GE , Helkimo M . Chewing efficiency and state of dentition. A methodological study . Acta Odontol Scand . 1978;36:33–41
  12. Omar SM , McEwan JD , Ogston SA . A test for occlusal function. The value of a masticatory efficiency test in the assessment of occlusal function . Br J Orthod . 1987;14:85–90
  13. Manly RS: Factors affecting masticatory performance in young adults. J Dent Res 30:874-882
  14. Shiere FR , Manly RS . The effect of changing dentition on masticatory function . J Dent Res . 1952;31:526–534
  15. Shiratsuchi Y , Kouno K , Tashiro H . Evaluation of masticatory function following orthognathic surgical correction of mandibular prognathism . J Craniomaxillofac Surg . 1991;19:299–303
  16. Kobayashi T , Katsuhiko H , Nakajima T , Hanada K . Masticatory function in patients with mandibular prognathism before and after orthognathic surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1993;51:997–1001
  17. Kobayashi T , Honma K , Shingaki S , Nakajima T . Changes in masticatory function after orthognathic treatment in patients with mandibular prognathism . Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2001;39:260–265
  18. Kikuta T , Hara I , Seto T , Yoshioka I , Nakashima T , Yasumitsu C . Evaluation of masticatory function after sagittal split ramus osteotomy for patients with mandibular prognathism . Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg . 1994;9:9–17
  19. Van der Braber W , van der Glas HW , van der Bilt A , Bosman F . The influence of orthodontics on selection and breakage underlying food comminution in pre-orthognathic surgery patients . Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2002;31:592–597
  20. Tate GS , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . Masticatory performance, muscle activity, and occlusal force in preorthognathic surgery patients . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1994;52:476–481
  21. Van der Braber W , van der Glas H , van der Bilt A , Bosman F . Masticatory function in retrognathic patients, before and after mandibular advancement surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2004;62:549–554
  22. Posselt U . Studies in the mobility of the human mandible . Acta Odont Scand . 1952;10(Suppl 10):1–150
  23. Hickey JC , Allison ML , Woelfel JB , Boucher CO , Stacey RW . Mandibular movements in three dimensions . J Prosthet Dent . 1963;13:72–92
  24. Lemmer J , Lewin A , Van Resnberg LB . The measurement of jaw movement. Parts I & part II . J Prosthet Dent . 1976;36:211–312
  25. Agerberg G . Maximal mandibular movements in young men and women . Swed Dent J . 1974;67:81–100
  26. Ingervall B . Variation of the range of movement of the mandible in relation to facial morphology in young adults . Scand J Dent Res . 1971;19:133–138
  27. Athanasiou AE , Melson B , Mavreas D , Kimmel FP . Stomatognathic function of patients who seek orthognathic surgery to correct dentofacial deformities . Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg . 1989;4:239–254
  28. Athanasiou AE . Electrognathographic patterns of mandibular motion after bilateral vertical ramus setback osteotomy . Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg . 1992;7:23–27
  29. Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . Functional characteristics of retrognathic patients before and after mandibular advancement surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1995;53:898–908
  30. Zarrinkelk HM , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . Functional and morphological alterations secondary to superior repositioning of the maxilla . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1995;53:1258–1267
  31. Song HC , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . Functional and morphological alterations after anterior and/or inferior repositioning of the maxilla . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1967;55:41–49
  32. Zarrinkelk HM , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . Functional and morphological changes following combined maxillary intrusion and mandibular advancement surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1996;54:828–837
  33. Stacy GC . Recovery of oral opening following sagittal ramus osteotomy for mandibular prognathism . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1987;45:487–492
  34. Thomas GP , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . The effects of orthodontic treatment on isometric bite forces and mandibular motion in patients before orthognathic surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1995;53:673–678
  35. Feine JS , Hutchins MO , Lund JP . An evaluation of the criteria used to diagnose mandibular dysfunction with the mandibular kinesiograph . J Prosthet Dent . 1988;60:374–380
  36. Ahlgren J . Pattern of chewing and malocclusion of teeth. A clinical study . Acta Odont Scand . 1967;25:3–14
  37. Gibbs CH , Messerman T , Reswick JB , Derda HJ . Functional movements of the mandible . J Prosthet Dent . 1971;26:604–620
  38. Ben-Bassat Y , Yaffe A , Brin I , Freeman J , Ehrlich Y . Functional and morphological-occlusal aspects in children with posterior cross-bite . Eur J Orthod . 1993;15:57–63
  39. Throckmorton GS , Buschang PH , Hayasaki H , Santos-Pinto A . Changes in masticatory cycle following treatment of posterior unilateral crossbite in children . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2001;120:521–529
  40. Lundberg M , Nord PG , Astrand P . Changes in masticatory function after surgical treatment of mandibular prognathism. Cineradiographic study of bolus position . Acta Odont Scand . 1974;32:39–49
  41. Pröschel P , Hofmann M . Frontal chewing patterns of the incisor point and their dependence on resistance of food and type of occlusion . J Prosthet Dent . 1988;59:617–624
  42. Ehmer U , Broll P . Mandibular border movements and masticatory patterns before and after orthognathic surgery . Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg . 1992;7:153–159
  43. Pröschel PA , Hummer H , Hofmann M , Spitzer W . Reaction of mastication to occlusal changes induced by correction of mandibular prognathism . J Prosthet Dent . 1990;64:211–218
  44. Youssef RE , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . Comparison of habitual masticatory cycles and muscle activity before and after orthognathic surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1997;55:699–707
  45. Sassouni V . A classification of skeletal facial types . Am J Orthod . 1969;55:109–123
  46. Maughan RJ , Watson JS , Weir J . Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle . J Physiol (Lond) . 1983;338:37–49
  47. Maughan RJ , Watson JS , Weir J . Muscle strength and cross-sectional area in man . Br J Sports Med . 1984;18:149–157
  48. Sasaki K , Hannam AG , Wood WW . Relationships between the size, position, and angulation of human jaw muscles and unilateral first molar bite force . J Dent Res . 1989;68:499–503
  49. Bakke M , Tuxen A , Vilmann P , Jensen BR , Vilman A , Toft M . Ultrasound image of human masseter muscle related to bite force, electromyography, facial morphology, and occlusal factors . Scand J Dent Res . 1992;100:164–171
  50. Laurell L , Lundgren D . A standardized programme for studying the occlusal force pattern during chewing and biting in prosthetically restored dentitions . J Oral Rehabil . 1984;11:39–44
  51. Precious DS: Assessment of bite force prior to and during presurgical orthodontic treatment. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1989
  52. Goldreich H , Gazit E , Lieberman MA , Rugh JD . The effect of pain from orthodontic wire adjustment on masseter muscle electromyographic activity . Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 1994;106:365–370
  53. Weijs WA , Hillen B . Correlation between the cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape . Am J Phys Anthrop . 1986;70:423–432
  54. Van Spronsen PH , Weijs WA , Prahl-Andersen B , Valk J , van Ginkel FC . Relationships between jaw muscle cross-sections and craniofacial morphology in normal adults, studied with magnetic resonance imaging . Eur J Orthod . 1991;13:351–361
  55. Farella M , Bakke M , Michelotti A , Rapuano A , Martina R . Masseter thickness, endurance and exercise induced pain in subjects with different vertical craniofacial morphology . Eur J Oral Sci . 2003;111:183–188
  56. Ueda H , Ishizuka Y , Miyamoto K , Morimoto N , Tanne K . Relationship between masticatory muscle activity and vertical craniofacial morphology . Angle Orthod . 1998;68:233–238
  57. Ueda HM , Miyamoto K , Saifuddin MD , Ishizuka Y , Tanne K . Masticatory muscle activity in children and adults with different facial types . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2000;118:63–68
  58. Van Spronsen PH , Weijs WA , Valk J , Prahl-Andersen B , van Ginkel FC . A comparison of jaw muscle cross-sections of long-face and normal adults . J Dent Res . 1992;71:1279–1285
  59. Throckmorton GS , Dean JS . The relationship between jaw-muscle mechanical advantage and activity levels during isometric bites in humans . Arch Oral Biol . 1994;39:429–437
  60. Hannam AG , Wood WW . Relationship between the size and spatial morphology of human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, the craniofacial skeleton, and jaw biomechanics . Am J Phys Anthrop . 1989;80:429–445
  61. Garcia-Morales P , Buschang PH , Throckmorton GS , English JD . Maximum bite force, muscle efficiency and mechanical advantage in children with vertical growth patterns . Eur J Orthod . 2003;25:265–272
  62. Ellis E , Throckmorton GS , Sinn DP . Bite forces before and after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1996;54:176–181
  63. van Spronsen PH , Weijs WA , van Ginkel FC , Prahl-Andersen B . Jaw muscle orientation and moment arms in long-face and normal adults . J Dent Res . 1996;75:1372–1380
  64. Brudevald F . A basic study of the chewing forces of a denture wearer . J Am Dent Assoc . 1951;43:45–51
  65. Atkinson HF , Ralph WJ . Tooth loss and biting force in man . J Dent Res . 1967;52:225–228
  66. Wennstrom A . Psychophysical investigation of bite force. Part IV. A clinical assessment of bite force in patients with full dentures . Swed Dent J . 1972;65:185–190
  67. Ferrario VF , Serrao G , Dellavia C , Caruso E , Sforza C . Relationship between the number of occlusal contacts and masticatory muscle activity in healthy young adults . J Craniomand Pract . 2002;20:91–98
  68. Ringqvist M . Isometric bite force and its relation to dimensions of the facial skeleton . Acta Odontol Scand . 1973;31:35–42
  69. Molin C . Vertical isometric muscle forces of the mandible . Acta Odont Scand . 1972;30:485–499
  70. Bakke M , Holm B , Jensen BL , Michler L , Meller E . Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8 68-year old women and men related to occlusal factors . Scand J Dent Res . 1990;98:149–158
  71. Braun S , Bantleon H-P , Hnat WP , Freudenthaler JW , Marcotte MR , Johnson BE . A study of bite force, part 2 (Relationship to various cephalometric measurements) . Angle Orthod . 1994;65:373–377
  72. Johnston CP , Throckmorton GS , Bell WH . Changes in electromyographic activity following superior repositioning of the maxilla . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1984;45:656–664
  73. Proffit WR , Fields HW , Nixon WL . Occlusal forces in normal and long-face adults . J Dent Res . 1983;62:566–571
  74. Proffit WR , Turvey TA , Fields HW , Phillips C . The effect of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1989;47:457–463
  75. Dean JS , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP . A preliminary study of maximum voluntary bite force and jaw muscle efficiency in pre-orthognathic surgery patients . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1992;50:1284–1288
  76. Kim YG , Oh SH . Effect of mandibular setback surgery on occlusal force . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1997;55:121–126
  77. Harada K , Kikuchi T , Morishima S , Sato M , Ohkura K , Omura K . Changes in bite force and dentoskeletal morphology in prognathic surgery patients after orthognathic surgery . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod . 2003;95:649–654
  78. Throckmorton GS , Buschang PH , Ellis E . Improvement of maximum occlusal forces after orthognathic surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1996;54:1080–1086
  79. Tabe T . A study of the activities in the masticatory muscles and the morphology of the orofacial skeleton II (The correlation between the activities in the masseter muscle and the biting force, and the morphology of the orofacial skeleton) . J Jpn Orthod Soc . 1976;35:255–265
  80. Ingervall B , Helkimo E . Masticatory muscle force and facial morphology in man . Arch Oral Biol . 1978;23:203–206
  81. Oyen OJ , Tsay TP . A biomechanical analysis of craniofacial form and bite force . Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 1991;99:298–309
  82. Kiliaridis S , Johansson A , Haraldson T , Omar R , Carlsson GE . Craniofacial morphology, occlusal traits, and bite force in persons with advanced occlusal wear . Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 1995;107:286–292
  83. Hunt NP , Cunningham SJ . The influence of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force in patients with vertical facial deformities . Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1997;26:87–91
  84. Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Buschang PH . Morphologic and biomechanical correlates with maximum bite forces in orthognathic surgery patients . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2000;58:515–524
  85. Iwase M , Sugimori M , Kurachi Y , Nagumo M . Changes in bite force and occlusal contacts in patients treated for mandibular prognathism . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1998;56:850–855
  86. Yurkstas A . The masticatory act. A review . J Prosthet Dent . 1965;15:248–260
  87. Wilding RJC . The association between chewing efficiency and occlusal contact area in man . Arch Oral Biol . 1993;38:589–596
  88. Owens S , Buschang PH , Throckmorton GS , English J . Masticatory performance and areas of occlusal contact and near contact in subjects with normal occlusion and malocclusion . Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2002;121:602–609
  89. Ohkura K , Harada K , Morishima S , Enomoto S . Changes in bite force and occlusal contact area after orthognathic surgery for correction of mandibular prognathism . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod . 2001;91:141–145
  90. Finn RA , Throckmorton GS , Bell WH , Legan H . Biomechanical considerations in the surgical correction of mandibular deficiency . J Oral Surg . 1980;38:257–263
  91. Throckmorton GS , Buschang PH , Ellis E . Morphological and biomechanical determinants in the selection of orthognathic surgery procedures . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1999;57:1044–1057
  92. Liebmann FM , Kussick L . Relationship between force, velocity, and integrated electrical activity in the masticatory muscles of man. Normal and abnormal occlusions . J Dent Res . 1966;45:1752–1761
  93. Kawazoe Y , Kotani H , Hamada T . Relation between integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during voluntary isometric contraction in human masticatory muscles . J Dent Res . 1979;58:1440–1449
  94. Haraldson T , Carlsson GE , Dahlstrom L , Jansson T . Relationship between myoelectric activity in masticatory muscles and bite force . Scand J Dent Res . 1985;93:539–545
  95. Hagberg C . The amplitude distribution of electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles during unilateral chewing . J Oral Rehabil . 1986;13:567–574
  96. Bakke M , Michler L , Han K , Mellei E . Clinical significance of isometric bite force versus electrical activity in temporal and masseter muscles . Scand J Dent Res . 1989;97:539–551
  97. Naeije M , McCarroll RS , Weijs WA . Electromyographic activity of the human masticatory muscles during submaximal clenching in the inter-cuspal position . J Oral Rehabil . 1989;16:63–70
  98. Lindauer SJ , Gay T , Rendell J . Electromyographic-force characteristics in the assessment of oral function . J Dent Res . 1991;70:1417–1421
  99. Granger MW , Buschang PH , Throckmorton GS , Iannacone ST . Masticatory muscle function in patients with spinal muscular atrophy . Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 1999;115:697–702
  100. Lindauer SJ , Gay T , Rendell J . Effect of jaw opening on masticatory muscle EMG-force characteristics . J Dent Res . 1993;72:51–55
  101. Fogle LL , Glaros AG . Contributions of facial morphology, age, and gender to EMG activity under biting and resting conditions (a canonical correlation analysis) . J Dent Res . 1995;74:1496–1500
  102. Hannam AG , Decou RE , Scott JD , Wood WW . The relationship between dental occlusion, muscle activity, and associated jaw movements in man . Arch Oral Biol . 1977;22:25–32
  103. Proeschel PA , Morneburg T . Task-dependence of activity/bite-force relations and its impact on estimation of chewing force from EMG . J Dent Res . 2002;81:464–468
  104. Tate GS , Throckmorton GS , Ellis E , Sinn DP , Blackwood DJ . Estimated masticatory forces in patients before orthognathic surgery . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1994;52:130–136
  105. Bakke M , Michler L . Temporalis and masseter muscle activity in patients with anterior open bite and craniomandibular disorders . Eur J Orthod . 1991;2:219–228

PII: S1073-8746(06)00007-7

doi: 10.1053/j.sodo.2006.01.006

Seminars in Orthodontics
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 127-137 , June 2006